Reference - What does this regex mean?

Question

What is this?

This is a collection of common Q&A. This is also a Community Wiki, so everyone is invited to participate in maintaining it.

Why is this?

regex is suffering from give me ze code type of questions and poor answers with no explanation. This reference is meant to provide links to quality Q&A.

What's the scope?

This reference is meant for the following languages: php, perl, javascript, python, ruby, java, .net.

This might be too broad, but these languages share the same syntax. For specific features there's the tag of the language behind it, example:

• What are regular expression Balancing Groups? .net

Answer 1

The Stack Overflow Regular Expressions FAQ

See also a lot of general hints and useful links at the regex tag details page.

---

Online tutorials

• RegexOne ↪
• Regular Expressions Info ↪

Quantifiers

• Zero-or-more: *:greedy, *?:reluctant, *+:possessive
• One-or-more: +:greedy, +?:reluctant, ++:possessive
• ?:optional (zero-or-one)
• Min/max ranges (all inclusive): {n,m}:between n & m, {n,}:n-or-more, {n}:exactly n
• Differences between greedy, reluctant (a.k.a. "lazy", "ungreedy") and possessive quantifier:
  • Greedy vs. Reluctant vs. Possessive Quantifiers
  • In-depth discussion on the differences between greedy versus non-greedy
  • What's the difference between {n} and {n}?
  • Can someone explain Possessive Quantifiers to me? php, perl, java, ruby
  • Emulating possessive quantifiers .net
  • Non-Stack Overflow references: From Oracle, regular-expressions.info

Character Classes

• What is the difference between square brackets and parentheses?
• [...]: any one character, [^...]: negated/any character but
• [^] matches any one character including newlines javascript
• [\w-[\d]] / [a-z-[qz]]: set subtraction .net, xml-schema, xpath, JGSoft
• [\w&&[^\d]]: set intersection java, ruby 1.9+
• [[:alpha:]]:POSIX character classes
• Why do [^\\D2], [^[^0-9]2], [^2[^0-9]] get different results in Java? java
• Shorthand:
  • Digit: \d:digit, \D:non-digit
  • Word character (Letter, digit, underscore): \w:word character, \W:non-word character
  • Whitespace: \s:whitespace, \S:non-whitespace
• Unicode categories (\p{L}, \P{L}, etc.)

Escape Sequences

• Horizontal whitespace: \h:space-or-tab, \t:tab
• Newlines:
  • \r, \n:carriage return and line feed
  • \R:generic newline php java-8
• Negated whitespace sequences: \H:Non horizontal whitespace character, \V:Non vertical whitespace character, \N:Non line feed character pcre php5 java-8
• Other: \v:vertical tab, \e:the escape character

Anchors

• ^:start of line/input, \b:word boundary, and \B:non-word boundary, $:end of line/input
• \A:start of input, \Z:end of input php, perl, ruby
• \z:the very end of input (\Z in Python) .net, php, pcre, java, ruby, icu, swift, objective-c
• \G:start of match php, perl, ruby

(Also see "Flavor-Specific Information → Java → The functions in Matcher")

Groups

• (...):capture group, (?:):non-capture group
  • Why is my repeating capturing group only capturing the last match?
• \1:backreference and capture-group reference, $1:capture group reference
  • What's the meaning of a number after a backslash in a regular expression?
  • \g<1>123:How to follow a numbered capture group, such as \1, with a number?: python
• What does a subpattern (?i:regex) mean?
• What does the 'P' in (?P<group_name>regexp) mean?
• (?>):atomic group or independent group, (?|):branch reset
  • Equivalent of branch reset in .NET/C# .net
• Named capture groups:
  • General named capturing group reference at regular-expressions.info
  • java: (?<groupname>regex): Overview and naming rules (Non-Stack Overflow links)
  • Other languages: (?P<groupname>regex) python, (?<groupname>regex) .net, (?<groupname>regex) perl, (?P<groupname>regex) and (?<groupname>regex) php

Lookarounds

• Lookaheads: (?=...):positive, (?!...):negative
• Lookbehinds: (?<=...):positive, (?<!...):negative (not supported by javascript)
• Lookbehind limits in:
  • Lookbehinds need to be constant-length php, perl, python, ruby
  • Lookarounds of limited length {0,n} java
  • Variable length lookbehinds are allowed .net
• Lookbehind alternatives:
  • Using \K php, perl (Flavors that support \K)
  • Alternative regex module for Python python
    • The hacky way
    • JavaScript negative lookbehind equivalents ^{External link}

Modifiers

flag	modifier	flavors
a	ASCII	python
c	current position	perl
e	expression	php perl
g	global	most
i	case-insensitive	most
m	multiline	php perl python javascript .net java
m	(non)multiline	ruby
o	once	perl ruby
S	study	php
s	single line	unsupported: javascript (workaround) | ruby
U	ungreedy	php r
u	unicode	most
x	whitespace-extended	most
y	sticky ↪	javascript

• How to convert preg_replace e to preg_replace_callback?
• What are inline modifiers?
• What is '?-mix' in a Ruby Regular Expression

Other:

• |:alternation (OR) operator, .:any character, [.]:literal dot character
• What special characters must be escaped?
• Control verbs (php and perl): (*PRUNE), (*SKIP), (*FAIL) and (*F)
  • php only: (*BSR_ANYCRLF)
• Recursion (php and perl): (?R), (?0) and (?1), (?-1), (?&groupname)

Common Tasks

• Get a string between two curly braces: {...}
• Match (or replace) a pattern except in situations s1, s2, s3...
• How do I find all YouTube video ids in a string using a regex?
• Validation:
  • Internet: email addresses, URLs (host/port: regex and non-regex alternatives), passwords
  • Numeric: a number, min-max ranges (such as 1-31), phone numbers, date
  • Parsing HTML with regex: See "General Information > When not to use Regex"

Advanced Regex-Fu

• Strings and numbers:
  • Regular expression to match a line that doesn't contain a word
  • How does this PCRE pattern detect palindromes?
  • Match strings whose length is a fourth power
  • How does this regex find triangular numbers?
  • How to determine if a number is a prime with regex?
  • How to match the middle character in a string with regex?
• Other:
  • How can we match a^n b^n?
  • Match nested brackets
    • Using a recursive pattern php, perl
    • Using balancing groups .net
  • “Vertical” regex matching in an ASCII “image”
  • List of highly up-voted regex questions on Code Golf
  • How to make two quantifiers repeat the same number of times?
  • An impossible-to-match regular expression: (?!a)a
  • Match/delete/replace this except in contexts A, B and C
  • Match nested brackets with regex without using recursion or balancing groups?

Flavor-Specific Information

(Except for those marked with *, this section contains non-Stack Overflow links.)

• Java
  • Official documentation: Pattern Javadoc ↪, Oracle's regular expressions tutorial ↪
  • The differences between functions in java.util.regex.Matcher:
    • matches()): The match must be anchored to both input-start and -end
    • find()): A match may be anywhere in the input string (substrings)
    • lookingAt(): The match must be anchored to input-start only
    • (For anchors in general, see the section "Anchors")
  • The only java.lang.String functions that accept regular expressions: matches(s), replaceAll(s,s), replaceFirst(s,s), split(s), split(s,i)
  • *An (opinionated and) detailed discussion of the disadvantages of and missing features in java.util.regex
• .NET
  • How to read a .NET regex with look-ahead, look-behind, capturing groups and back-references mixed together?
• Official documentation:
  • Boost regex engine: General syntax, Perl syntax (used by TextPad, Sublime Text, UltraEdit, ...???)
  • JavaScript 1.5 general info and RegExp object
  • .NET MySQL Oracle Perl5 version 18.2
  • PHP: pattern syntax, preg_match
  • Python: Regular expression operations, search vs match, how-to
  • Rust: crate regex, struct regex::Regex
  • Splunk: regex terminology and syntax and regex command
  • Tcl: regex syntax, manpage, regexp command
  • Visual Studio Find and Replace

General information

(Links marked with * are non-Stack Overflow links.)

• Other general documentation resources: Learning Regular Expressions, *Regular-expressions.info, *Wikipedia entry, *RexEgg, Open-Directory Project
• DFA versus NFA
• Generating Strings matching regex
• Books: Jeffrey Friedl's Mastering Regular Expressions
• When to not use regular expressions:
  • Some people, when confronted with a problem, think "I know, I'll use regular expressions." Now they have two problems. (blog post written by Stack Overflow's founder)*
  • Do not use regex to parse HTML:
    • Don't. Please, just don't
    • Well, maybe...if you're really determined (other answers in this question are also good)

Examples of regex that can cause regex engine to fail

• Why does this regular expression kill the Java regex engine?

Tools: Testers and Explainers

(This section contains non-Stack Overflow links.)

• Online (* includes replacement tester, + includes split tester):

  • Debuggex (Also has a repository of useful regexes) javascript, python, pcre
  • *Regular Expressions 101 php, pcre, python, javascript
  • Regex Pal, regular-expressions.info javascript
  • Rubular ruby RegExr Regex Hero dotnet
  • *+ regexstorm.net .net
  • *RegexPlanet: Java java, Go go, Haskell haskell, JavaScript javascript, .NET dotnet, Perl perl php PCRE php, Python python, Ruby ruby, XRegExp xregexp
  • freeformatter.com xregexp
  • *+regex.larsolavtorvik.com php PCRE and POSIX, javascript
  • Refiddle javascript ruby .net

• Offline:

  • Microsoft Windows: RegexBuddy (analysis), RegexMagic (creation), Expresso (analysis, creation, free)