Mathematics Stack Exchange
Mathematics Stack Exchange

Questions tagged [approximation]

For questions that involve concrete approximations, such as finding an approximate value of a number with some precision. For questions that belong to the mathematical area of Approximation Theory, use (approximation-theory).

Approximations are representations of numbers that aren't exact, for example $\sqrt{2}\approx 1.41$. Such representations may be obtained using differentials (more generally, Taylor's formula), linear interpolation, etc.

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A 1,400 years old approximation to the sine function by Mahabhaskariya of Bhaskara I

The approximation $$\sin(x) \simeq \frac{16 (\pi -x) x}{5 \pi ^2-4 (\pi -x) x}\qquad (0\leq x\leq\pi)$$ was proposed by Mahabhaskariya of Bhaskara I, a seventh-century Indian mathematician. I wondered how much this could be improved using our…
Claude Leibovici
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Is there an integral that proves $\pi > 333/106$?

The following integral, $$ \int_0^1 \frac{x^4(1-x)^4}{x^2 + 1} \mathrm{d}x = \frac{22}{7} - \pi $$ is clearly positive, which proves that $\pi < 22/7$. Is there a similar integral which proves $\pi > 333/106$?
anon
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Find the average of $\sin^{100} (x)$ in 5 minutes?

I read this quote attributed to VI Arnold. "Who can't calculate the average value of the one hundredth power of the sine function within five minutes, doesn't understand mathematics - even if he studied supermanifolds, non-standard calculus or…
Please Delete Account
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Motivation for Ramanujan's mysterious $\pi$ formula

The following formula for $\pi$ was discovered by Ramanujan: $$\frac1{\pi} = \frac{2\sqrt{2}}{9801} \sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{(4k)!(1103+26390k)}{(k!)^4 396^{4k}}\!$$ Does anyone know how it works, or what the motivation for it is?
Nick Alger
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Can the golden ratio accurately be expressed in terms of $e$ and $\pi$

I was playing around with numbers when I noticed that $\sqrt e$ was very somewhat close to $\phi$ And so, I took it upon myself to try to find a way to express the golden ratio in terms of the infamous values, $\large\pi$ and $\large e$ The closest…
Nick
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Difference between "≈", "≃", and "≅"

In mathematical notation, what are the usage differences between the various approximately-equal signs "≈", "≃", and "≅"? The Unicode standard lists all of them inside the Mathematical Operators Block. ≈ : ALMOST EQUAL TO (U+2248) ≃ :…
GOTO 0
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How is the derivative truly, literally the "best linear approximation" near a point?

I've read many times that the derivative of a function $f(x)$ for a certain $x$ is the best linear approximation of the function for values near $x$. I always thought it was meant in a hand-waving approximate way, but I've recently read that: "Some…
jeremy radcliff
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Is there a "greater than about" symbol?

To indicate approximate equality, one can use ≃, ≅, ~, ♎, or ≒. I need to indicate an approximate inequality. Specifically, I know A is greater than a quantity of approximately B. Is there a way to succinctly express this mathematically?
foobarbecue
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Why is $e^\pi - \pi$ so close to $20$?

$e^\pi-\pi\approx 19.99909998$ Why is this so close to $20$?
Superbus
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Does the sequence $n+\tan(n), n \in\mathbb{N}$ have a lower bound?

Is the sequence $n+\tan(n), n \in\mathbb{N}$ bounded below? Intuitively I think it is not bounded below, but I have no idea how to prove it. It is like a Diophantine approximation problem, but most theorems seem to be too weak.
MathEric
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Geometric explanation of $\sqrt 2 + \sqrt 3 \approx \pi$

Just curious, is there a geometry picture explanation to show that $\sqrt 2 + \sqrt 3 $ is close to $ \pi $?
ahala
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How is Gosper's approximation to factorial derived?

Discussing Stirling's approximation, Wolfram Mathworld article mentions a modification of it due to Gosper: instead of the usual $$n!\approx n^ne^{-n}\sqrt{2n\pi},$$ we have a tiny addition of $\frac13$ to $2n$ under the radical sign: $$n!\approx…
Ruslan
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Is there an integral for $\pi^4-\frac{2143}{22}$?

In Ramanujan's Notebooks, Vol 4, p.48 (and a related one in Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, XLV, 1914) there are various approximations, including the close (by just $10^{-7}$), $$\pi^4 \approx 2^4+3^4+\frac{1}{2+\Big(\frac{2}{3}\Big)^2} =…
Tito Piezas III
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Approximating the error function erf by analytical functions

The Error function $\mathrm{erf}(x)=\frac{2}{\sqrt{\pi}}\int_0^x e^{-t^2}\,dt$ shows up in many contexts, but can't be represented using elementary functions. I compared it with another function $f$ which also starts linearly, has $f(0)=0$ and…
Nikolaj-K
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Elementary central binomial coefficient estimates

How to prove that $\quad\displaystyle\frac{4^{n}}{\sqrt{4n}}<\binom{2n}{n}<\frac{4^{n}}{\sqrt{3n+1}}\quad$ for all $n$ > 1 ? Does anyone know any better elementary estimates? Attempt. We…
Robert William Hanks
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