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Given a complex number $\begin{aligned}\frac{z}{n}=x+iy\end{aligned}$ and a gamma function $\Gamma(z)$ with $x\gt0$, it is conjectured that the following continued fraction for $\displaystyle\tan\left(\frac{z\pi}{4z+2n}\right)$ is true

$$\begin{split}\displaystyle\tan\left(\frac{z\pi}{4z+2n}\right)&=\frac{\displaystyle\Gamma\left(\frac{z+n}{4z+2n}\right)\Gamma\left(\frac{3z+n}{4z+2n}\right)}{\displaystyle\Gamma\left(\frac{z}{4z+2n}\right)\Gamma\left(\frac{3z+2n}{4z+2n}\right)}\\&=\cfrac{2z}{2z+n+\cfrac{(n)(4z+n)} {3(2z+n)+\cfrac{(2z+2n)(6z+2n)}{5(2z+n)+\cfrac{(4z+3n)(8z+3n)}{7(2z+n)+\ddots}}}}\end{split}$$

Corollaries:

By taking the limit(which follows after abel's theorem) $$ \begin{aligned}\lim_{z\to0}\frac{\displaystyle\tan\left(\frac{z\pi}{4z+2}\right)}{2z}=\frac{\pi}{4}\end{aligned}, $$ we recover the well known continued fraction for $\pi$

$$\begin{aligned}\cfrac{4}{1+\cfrac{1^2}{3+\cfrac{2^2}{5+\cfrac{3^2}{7+\ddots}}}}=\pi\end{aligned}$$

If we let $z=1$ and $n=2$,then we have the square root of $2$ $$\begin{aligned}{1+\cfrac{1}{2+\cfrac{1} {2+\cfrac{1}{2+\cfrac{1}{2+\ddots}}}}}=\sqrt{2}\end{aligned}$$

Q: How do we prove rigorously that the conjectured continued fraction is true and converges for all complex numbers $z$ with $x\gt0$?

Update:I initially defined the continued fraction $\displaystyle\tan\left(\frac{z\pi}{4z+2}\right)$ for only natural numbers,but as a matter of fact it holds for all complex numbers $z$ with real part greater than zero.Moreover,this continued fraction is a special case of the general continued fraction found in this post.

Daniele Tampieri
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Nicco
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    That is impressive. How did you come up with it? – marty cohen Oct 13 '15 at 16:20
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    Really, how did you get this? If you provide some of the methods you used, there is a better chance someone would be able to answer your question. – Yuriy S Mar 13 '16 at 19:01
  • @Nicco, thank you for the link. Sorry, but I don't have anything to contribute so far – Yuriy S Apr 07 '16 at 17:04
  • I have changed the formatting of the title so as to [make it take up less vertical space](https://math.meta.stackexchange.com/a/9686/290189) -- this is a policy to ensure that the scarce space on the main page is distributed evenly over the questions. See [here](https://math.meta.stackexchange.com/a/9730) for more information. Please take this into consideration for future questions. Thanks in advance. – GNUSupporter 8964民主女神 地下教會 Mar 12 '18 at 17:02

2 Answers2

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The proposed continued fraction \begin{equation} \displaystyle\tan\left(\frac{z\pi}{4z+2n}\right)=\cfrac{2z}{2z+n+\cfrac{(n)(4z+n)} {3(2z+n)+\cfrac{(2z+2n)(6z+2n)}{5(2z+n)+\cfrac{(4z+3n)(8z+3n)}{7(2z+n)+\ddots}}}} \end{equation} can be written as \begin{equation} \displaystyle\tan\left(\frac{z\pi}{4z+2n}\right)=\cfrac{2z/\left( 2z+n \right)}{1+\cfrac{(n)/\left( 2z+n \right)\cdot(4z+n)/\left( 2z+n \right)} {3+\cfrac{(2z+2n)/\left( 2z+n \right)\cdot(6z+2n)/\left( 2z+n \right)}{5+\cfrac{(4z+3n)/\left( 2z+n \right)\cdot(8z+3n)/\left( 2z+n \right)}{7+\ddots}}}} \end{equation} Denoting $u=\cfrac{z}{4z+2n}$, the factors of the numerators are \begin{equation} \frac{n}{2z+n}=1-4u\,;\quad\frac{4z+n}{2z+n}=1+4u\,;\quad\frac{2z+2n}{2z+n}=2-4u\,;\quad\frac{6z+2n}{2z+n}=2+4u\,;\cdots \end{equation} Then, the fraction can be simplified as \begin{equation} \displaystyle\tan\left(\pi u\right)=\cfrac{4u}{1+\cfrac{\cfrac{1-16u^2}{1\cdot3}} {1+\cfrac{\cfrac{4-16u^2}{3\cdot5}}{1+\cfrac{\cfrac{9-16u^2}{5\cdot7}}{1+\ddots}}}} \end{equation} It is thus a special case of the continued fraction found in this answer: \begin{equation} \tan\left(\alpha\tan^{-1}z\right)=\cfrac{\alpha z}{1+\cfrac{\frac{(1^2-\alpha^2)z^2}{1\cdot 3}} {1+\cfrac{\frac{(2^2-\alpha^2)z^2}{3\cdot 5}}{1+\cfrac{\frac{(3^2-\alpha^2)z^2}{5\cdot 7}}{1+\ddots}}}} \end{equation} here $z=1$ and $\alpha=4u$. The brilliant proof is based on a continued fraction due to Nörlund.

Paul Enta
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The ratio $$\tan\dfrac{\pi z}{4z+2n} = \dfrac{\Gamma\left(\dfrac{z+n}{4z+2n}\right)\Gamma\left(\dfrac{3z+n}{4z+2n}\right)}{\Gamma\left(\dfrac{z}{4z+2n}\right)\Gamma\left(\dfrac{3z+2n}{4z+2n}\right)}\hspace{100mu}\tag1$$ can be obtained, applying "real" identity

$$\sin\pi x = \dfrac\pi{\Gamma(x)\Gamma(1-x)}\hspace{100mu}\tag2$$

to the expression $$\tan\dfrac\pi2\dfrac z{2z+n} = \dfrac{\sin\pi\dfrac z{4z+2n}}{\sin\pi\dfrac{z+n}{4z+2n}},$$ so it looks nice and quite correct.

Continued fraction can be obtained, using known continued fraction of the tangent function in the form of $$\tan \dfrac{\pi x}4 = \cfrac x{1+\operatorname{ \Large K}\hspace{-27mu}\phantom{\Big|}_{k=1}^{\large ^{\,\infty}}\cfrac{(2k-1)^2-x^2}2}\hspace{100mu}\tag3$$ with $$x=\dfrac{2z}{2z+n}.$$

Yuri Negometyanov
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