A document database stores, retrieves, and manages document-oriented information, also known as semi-structured data. Document databases often store data in a denormalized fashion as opposed to normalized data, which would appear in a relational database.
An excerpt from Wikipedia:
The central concept of a document-oriented database is the notion of a document. While each document-oriented database implementation differs on the details of this definition, in general, they all assume documents encapsulate and encode data (or information) in some standard formats or encodings. Encodings in use include XML, YAML, JSON, and BSON, as well as binary forms like PDF and Microsoft Office documents (MS Word, Excel, and so on).
Examples of document databases: