Cannot create an instance of class com.example...ViewModel in Kotlin

Question

Before someone says this has been answered before, I've read and tried the recommended solutions in the posts listed below:

1. Cannot create an instance of class - ViewModel
2. Cannot create an instance of custom ViewModel
3. Cannot Create Instance Of Class ViewModel
4. Cannot create an instance of class ViewModel in Android MVVM
5. Kotlin cannot create an instance of ViewModel
6. Cannot create an instance of class ViewModel

I have tried adding dependencies in the build.gradle file, trying different implementations of my ViewModel class and nothing has changed.

The main error I get is

Process: com.example.infinityquiz, PID: 12107
    java.lang.RuntimeException: Unable to start activity ComponentInfo{com.example.infinityquiz/com.example.infinityquiz.MainActivity}: java.lang.RuntimeException: Cannot create an instance of class com.example.infinityquiz.viewmodel.QuestionViewModel

Below I listed my current relevant code. If you think important code is missing, please let me know.

Build.gradle

apply plugin: 'com.android.application'
apply plugin: 'kotlin-android'
apply plugin: 'kotlin-android-extensions'
apply plugin: 'kotlin-kapt'
apply plugin: 'androidx.navigation.safeargs.kotlin'


android {
    compileSdkVersion 29
    buildToolsVersion "30.0.0"

    defaultConfig {
        applicationId "com.example.infinityquiz"
        minSdkVersion 23
        targetSdkVersion 29
        versionCode 1
        versionName "1.0"

        testInstrumentationRunner "androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
    }

    buildTypes {
        release {
            minifyEnabled false
            proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android-optimize.txt'), 'proguard-rules.pro'
        }
    }

    compileOptions {
        sourceCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
        targetCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
    }

    kotlinOptions {
        jvmTarget = JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8.toString()
    }
}

dependencies {
    implementation fileTree(dir: "libs", include: ["*.jar"])
    implementation "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib:$kotlin_version"
    implementation 'androidx.core:core-ktx:1.3.1'
    implementation 'androidx.appcompat:appcompat:1.2.0'
    implementation 'androidx.constraintlayout:constraintlayout:2.0.1'
    testImplementation 'junit:junit:4.13'
    androidTestImplementation 'androidx.test.ext:junit:1.1.2'
    androidTestImplementation 'androidx.test.espresso:espresso-core:3.3.0'

    // Navigation Component
    implementation 'androidx.navigation:navigation-fragment-ktx:2.3.0'
    implementation 'androidx.navigation:navigation-ui-ktx:2.3.0'

    // Room components
    implementation "androidx.room:room-runtime:2.2.5"
    kapt "androidx.room:room-compiler:2.2.5"
    implementation "androidx.room:room-ktx:2.2.5"
    androidTestImplementation "androidx.room:room-testing:2.2.5"
    implementation "androidx.paging:paging-runtime:2.1.2"

    // Lifecycle components
    implementation "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-extensions:2.2.0"
    implementation "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-common-java8:2.2.0"
    implementation "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-viewmodel-ktx:2.2.0"

    // Kotlin components
    implementation "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib-jdk7:1.3.72"
    api "org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-core:1.3.7"
    api "org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-android:1.3.5"

    // Extensions = ViewModel + LiveData
    implementation "android.arch.lifecycle:extensions:1.1.1"
    kapt "android.arch.lifecycle:compiler:1.1.1"
    // Room
    implementation "android.arch.persistence.room:runtime:1.1.1"
    kapt "android.arch.persistence.room:compiler:1.1.1"

    implementation 'androidx.fragment:fragment:1.2.5'
}

ViewModel

package com.example.infinityquiz.viewmodel

import android.app.Application
import androidx.lifecycle.AndroidViewModel
import com.example.infinityquiz.data.QuestionDatabase
import com.example.infinityquiz.model.Question
import com.example.infinityquiz.repository.QuestionRepository

class QuestionViewModel(application: Application): AndroidViewModel(application) {
    val question: Question
    private val repository:QuestionRepository

    init {
        val questionDao = QuestionDatabase.getDatabase(
            application
        ).questionDao()
        repository = QuestionRepository(questionDao)
        question = repository.question
    }
}

Repository

package com.example.infinityquiz.repository

import com.example.infinityquiz.data.QuestionDao
import com.example.infinityquiz.model.Question

class QuestionRepository(private val questionDao: QuestionDao) {
    val question: Question = questionDao.readRandomQuestion()
}

Dao

package com.example.infinityquiz.data

import androidx.room.Dao
import androidx.room.Query
import com.example.infinityquiz.model.Question

/*
private const val TABLE_NAME = "multiple_choice_questions"
private const val QUERY = "SELECT * FROM $TABLE_NAME ORDER BY RANDOM() LIMIT 1"
*/

@Dao
interface QuestionDao {
    @Query("SELECT * FROM multiple_choice_questions ORDER BY RANDOM() LIMIT 1")
    fun readRandomQuestion(): Question
}

Question

package com.example.infinityquiz.model

import android.os.Parcelable
import androidx.room.Entity
import androidx.room.PrimaryKey
import kotlinx.android.parcel.Parcelize

@Parcelize
@Entity(tableName = "multiple_choice_questions")//, foreignKeys=[], indices=[])
data class Question (
    @PrimaryKey(autoGenerate = true)
    val id: Int,
    val Question: String,
    val Category: String,
    val Subcategory: String,
    val AnswerOne: String,
    val AnswerTwo: String,
    val AnswerThree: String,
    val AnswerFour: String,
    val CorrectAnswer: Int,
    val wasQuestionSeen: Int,
    val Wikipedia: String
): Parcelable

Main Activity(portions of)

package com.example.infinityquiz

import android.graphics.Color
import android.graphics.Typeface
import android.os.Bundle
import android.view.LayoutInflater
import android.view.View
import android.view.ViewGroup
import android.widget.TextView
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModelProvider
import com.example.infinityquiz.model.Question
import com.example.infinityquiz.viewmodel.QuestionViewModel
import kotlinx.android.synthetic.main.activity_quiz_questions.*

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity(), View.OnClickListener{
    private lateinit var mQuestionViewModel: QuestionViewModel
    private var question: Question? = null
    private var mSelectedOptionPosition: Int = 0

    /**
     * This function is auto created by Android when the Activity Class is created.
     */
    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        //This call the parent constructor
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
        // This is used to align the xml view to this class
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)


        mQuestionViewModel = ViewModelProvider(this, ViewModelProvider.AndroidViewModelFactory.getInstance(this.application)).get(QuestionViewModel::class.java)
        // mQuestionViewModel = ViewModelProvider(this).get(QuestionViewModel::class.java)

        setQuestion()

        tv_option_one.setOnClickListener(this)
        tv_option_two.setOnClickListener(this)
        tv_option_three.setOnClickListener(this)
        tv_option_four.setOnClickListener(this)
        btn_submit.setOnClickListener(this)
    }
.
.
.
}

Database

package com.example.infinityquiz.data

import android.content.Context
import androidx.room.Database
import androidx.room.Room
import androidx.room.RoomDatabase
import com.example.infinityquiz.model.Question

@Database(entities = [Question::class], version = 1)
abstract class QuestionDatabase: RoomDatabase() {
    abstract fun questionDao(): QuestionDao

    companion object {
        @Volatile
        private var INSTANCE: QuestionDatabase? = null
        private const val PATH = "database/data_eng.db"
        private const val NAME = "multiple_choice_questions"

        private fun buildDatabase(context: Context) =
            Room.databaseBuilder(context.applicationContext, QuestionDatabase::class.java, NAME).createFromAsset(PATH).build()


        fun getDatabase(context: Context): QuestionDatabase{
            val tempInstance = INSTANCE
            if(tempInstance != null){
                return tempInstance
            }
            synchronized(this){
                val instance = buildDatabase(context)
                INSTANCE = instance
                return instance
            }
        }
    }
}

Error message

E/AndroidRuntime: FATAL EXCEPTION: main
    Process: com.example.infinityquiz, PID: 12107
    java.lang.RuntimeException: Unable to start activity ComponentInfo{com.example.infinityquiz/com.example.infinityquiz.MainActivity}: java.lang.RuntimeException: Cannot create an instance of class com.example.infinityquiz.viewmodel.QuestionViewModel
        at android.app.ActivityThread.performLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:3270)
        at android.app.ActivityThread.handleLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:3409)
        at android.app.servertransaction.LaunchActivityItem.execute(LaunchActivityItem.java:83)
        at android.app.servertransaction.TransactionExecutor.executeCallbacks(TransactionExecutor.java:135)
        at android.app.servertransaction.TransactionExecutor.execute(TransactionExecutor.java:95)
        at android.app.ActivityThread$H.handleMessage(ActivityThread.java:2016)
        at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:107)
        at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:214)
        at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:7356)
        at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method)
        at com.android.internal.os.RuntimeInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(RuntimeInit.java:492)
        at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:930)
     Caused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: Cannot create an instance of class com.example.infinityquiz.viewmodel.QuestionViewModel
        at androidx.lifecycle.ViewModelProvider$AndroidViewModelFactory.create(ViewModelProvider.java:275)
        at androidx.lifecycle.ViewModelProvider.get(ViewModelProvider.java:187)
        at androidx.lifecycle.ViewModelProvider.get(ViewModelProvider.java:150)
        at com.example.infinityquiz.MainActivity.onCreate(MainActivity.kt:32)
        at android.app.Activity.performCreate(Activity.java:7802)
        at android.app.Activity.performCreate(Activity.java:7791)
        at android.app.Instrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(Instrumentation.java:1299)
        at android.app.ActivityThread.performLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:3245)
        at android.app.ActivityThread.handleLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:3409) 
        at android.app.servertransaction.LaunchActivityItem.execute(LaunchActivityItem.java:83) 
        at android.app.servertransaction.TransactionExecutor.executeCallbacks(TransactionExecutor.java:135) 
        at android.app.servertransaction.TransactionExecutor.execute(TransactionExecutor.java:95) 
        at android.app.ActivityThread$H.handleMessage(ActivityThread.java:2016) 
        at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:107) 
        at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:214) 
        at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:7356) 
        at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method) 
        at com.android.internal.os.RuntimeInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(RuntimeInit.java:492) 
        at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:930) 
     Caused by: java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException
        at java.lang.reflect.Constructor.newInstance0(Native Method)
        at java.lang.reflect.Constructor.newInstance(Constructor.java:343)
        at androidx.lifecycle.ViewModelProvider$AndroidViewModelFactory.create(ViewModelProvider.java:267)
        at androidx.lifecycle.ViewModelProvider.get(ViewModelProvider.java:187) 
        at androidx.lifecycle.ViewModelProvider.get(ViewModelProvider.java:150) 
        at com.example.infinityquiz.MainActivity.onCreate(MainActivity.kt:32) 
        at android.app.Activity.performCreate(Activity.java:7802) 
        at android.app.Activity.performCreate(Activity.java:7791) 
        at android.app.Instrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(Instrumentation.java:1299) 
        at android.app.ActivityThread.performLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:3245) 
        at android.app.ActivityThread.handleLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:3409) 
        at android.app.servertransaction.LaunchActivityItem.execute(LaunchActivityItem.java:83) 
        at android.app.servertransaction.TransactionExecutor.executeCallbacks(TransactionExecutor.java:135) 
        at android.app.servertransaction.TransactionExecutor.execute(TransactionExecutor.java:95) 
        at android.app.ActivityThread$H.handleMessage(ActivityThread.java:2016) 
        at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:107) 
        at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:214) 
        at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:7356) 
        at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method) 
        at com.android.internal.os.RuntimeInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(RuntimeInit.java:492) 
        at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:930) 
     Caused by: java.lang.IllegalStateException: Pre-packaged database has an invalid schema: multiple_choice_questions(com.example.infinityquiz.model.Question).
     Expected:
    TableInfo{name='multiple_choice_questions', columns={Category=Column{name='Category', type='TEXT', affinity='2', notNull=true, primaryKeyPosition=0, defaultValue='null'}, Subcategory=Column{name='Subcategory', type='TEXT', affinity='2', notNull=true, primaryKeyPosition=0, defaultValue='null'}, wasQuestionSeen=Column{name='wasQuestionSeen', type='INTEGER', affinity='3', notNull=true, primaryKeyPosition=0, defaultValue='null'}, AnswerThree=Column{name='AnswerThree', type='TEXT', affinity='2', notNull=true, primaryKeyPosition=0, defaultValue='null'}, Wikipedia=Column{name='Wikipedia', type='TEXT', affinity='2', notNull=true, primaryKeyPosition=0, defaultValue='null'}, Question=Column{name='Question', type='TEXT', affinity='2', notNull=true, primaryKeyPosition=0, defaultValue='null'}, id=Column{name='id', type='INTEGER', affinity='3', notNull=true, primaryKeyPosition=1, defaultValue='null'}, AnswerOne=Column{name='AnswerOne', type='TEXT', affinity='2', notNull=true, primaryKeyPosition=0, defaultValue='null'}, CorrectAnswer=Column{name='CorrectAnswer', type='INTEGER', affinity='3', notNull=true, primaryKeyPosition=0, defaultValue='null'}, AnswerTwo=Column{name='AnswerTwo', type='TEXT', affinity='2', notNull=true, primaryKeyPosition=0, defaultValue='null'}, AnswerFour=Column{name='AnswerFour', type='TEXT', affinity='2', notNull=true, primaryKeyPosition=0, defaultValue='null'}}, foreignKeys=[], indices=[]}
     Found:
    TableInfo{name='multiple_choice_questions', columns={}, foreignKeys=[], indices=[]}
        at androidx.room.RoomOpenHelper.checkIdentity(RoomOpenHelper.java:163)
E/AndroidRuntime:     at androidx.room.RoomOpenHelper.onOpen(RoomOpenHelper.java:135)
        at androidx.sqlite.db.framework.FrameworkSQLiteOpenHelper$OpenHelper.onOpen(FrameworkSQLiteOpenHelper.java:142)
        at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteOpenHelper.getDatabaseLocked(SQLiteOpenHelper.java:428)
        at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteOpenHelper.getWritableDatabase(SQLiteOpenHelper.java:317)
        at androidx.sqlite.db.framework.FrameworkSQLiteOpenHelper$OpenHelper.getWritableSupportDatabase(FrameworkSQLiteOpenHelper.java:92)
        at androidx.sqlite.db.framework.FrameworkSQLiteOpenHelper.getWritableDatabase(FrameworkSQLiteOpenHelper.java:53)
        at androidx.room.SQLiteCopyOpenHelper.getWritableDatabase(SQLiteCopyOpenHelper.java:90)
        at androidx.room.RoomDatabase.inTransaction(RoomDatabase.java:476)
        at androidx.room.RoomDatabase.assertNotSuspendingTransaction(RoomDatabase.java:281)
        at com.example.infinityquiz.data.QuestionDao_Impl.readRandomQuestion(QuestionDao_Impl.java:25)
        at com.example.infinityquiz.repository.QuestionRepository.<init>(QuestionRepository.kt:7)
        at com.example.infinityquiz.viewmodel.QuestionViewModel.<init>(QuestionViewModel.kt:17)
            ... 21 more
Disconnected from the target VM, address: 'localhost:8608', transport: 'socket'

I cannot find an immediate fix to this problem. Thank you for your help in advance.