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I am parsing a large XML file in Python. The relevant part of the large XML file is as follows :

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<posthistory>
  <row Id="1332647" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="723397" RevisionGUID="cd3aafe8-47ee-497d-a4e8-948c2a769d7e" CreationDate="2009-04-06T22:27:07.567" UserId="40414" Comment="Added examples of articles and filenames" Text="I have a large number of text files (1000+) containing articles from academic journals. Each article's file contains a &quot;stub&quot; from the end of the previous article (at the beginning) and from the beginning of the next article (at the end). I need to remove these stubs in preparation for running a frequency analysis on the articles because the stubs are duplicate data. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know I can use diff to output the differences between the files, ignore whitespace and treat the files as text, and then compare them manually, but this doesn't male much sense when dealing with this much data. Accuracy does not have to be 100%, so a script that compared each file to the next file and then removed 1 copy of the duplicate text would be perfect. This seems like it would be a pretty common issue when programming so I am surprised that I haven't been able to find anything that does this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file names sort in order, so a script that compares each file to the next sequentially should work. E.G.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;bul_9_5_181.txt&#xD;&#xA;bul_9_5_186.txt&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;are two articles, one starting on page 181 and the other on page 186. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: I am an academic doing content analysis of old journal articles for a project in the history of psychology. I am no programmer, but I do have 10+ years experience with linux and can usually figure things out as I go. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for your help&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;---example stub at beginning of file: everything before &quot;AFFECTIVE PHENOMENA — EXPERIMENTAL&quot; is duplicate from previous file----&lt;/b&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;SYN&amp;STHESIA&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ISI&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the majority of Portugese words signifying black objects or ideas relating to black. This association is, admittedly, no true synsesthesia, but the author believes that it is only a matter of degree between these logical and spontaneous associations and genuine cases of colored audition.&#xD;&#xA;REFERENCES&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DOWNEY, JUNE E. A Case of Colored Gustation. Amer. J. of Psycho!., 1911, 22, S28-539MEDEIROS-E-ALBUQUERQUE. Sur un phenomene de synopsie presente par des millions de sujets. / . de psychol. norm, et path., 1911, 8, 147-151. MYERS, C. S. A Case of Synassthesia. Brit. J. of Psychol., 1911, 4, 228-238.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AFFECTIVE PHENOMENA — EXPERIMENTAL&#xD;&#xA;BY PROFESSOR JOHN F. .SHEPARD&#xD;&#xA;University of Michigan&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Three articles have appeared from the Leipzig laboratory during the year. Drozynski (2) objects to the use of gustatory and olfactory stimuli in the study of organic reactions with feelings, because of the disturbance of breathing that may be involved. He uses rhythmical auditory stimuli, and finds that when given at different rates and in various groupings,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;---this is from the end of the same file, everything AFTER &quot;1911. Pp.39&quot; is duplicate from the next article---&lt;/b&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pleasantness of Colors. Arner. J. of Psychol., 1911, 22, 578-579. 8. WASHBURN, M. F . and CRAWFORD, D . Fluctuations in the Affective Value of Colors During Fixation for One Minute. Amer. J. of Psychol., 1911, 22, 579-J82. 9. WELLS, F . L. and FORBES, A. On Certain Electrical Processes in the Human Body and their Relation to Emotional Reactions. (No. 16 of Archives of Psychology). New York: The Science Press, 1911. Pp. 39.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AFFECTIVE PHENOMENA — DESCRIPTIVE AND THEORETICAL&#xD;&#xA;BY PROFESSOR H. N. GARDINER Smith College&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fundamental questions are discussed systematically by Rehmke (18) in a second edition of a well-digested treatise, a characteristic feature of which is its attempt to relate feeling, emotion and mood.&#xD;&#xA;Feeling (Gefuhl) is defined as a Bestimmtheitsbesonderheit des zustdnd-&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;lichen Bewusstseins. Consciousness being conceived as the individual soul, its state is assumed to be at any given moment simple and unique; hence the momentary feeling is always one of pleasure or displeasure, never &quot;mixed.&quot; It is determined, not by any one, but by the totality of the objective factors, those being massgebend which are in the focus of attention. A &quot; feeling,&quot; in the ordinary sense, is a complex of the affective state and the &quot;determining&quot; and &quot;accompanying&quot; objective components, the &quot;determining&quot; objects of attention giving the kind of feeling, the &quot;accompanying&quot; organic sensations being mainly responsible for its obscure &quot;coloring&quot; and its degree. Mood (Stimmung) appears in a certain contrast to &quot;feeling&quot; in that in it organic sensation is the &quot;determining&quot; factor and no particular object occupies the focus of attention. Emotion {Affeki) is not contrasted with &quot;feeling,&quot; but is &quot;feeling&quot; characterized by the intensity of the &quot;accompanying&quot; organic sensations, which are rightly included in the emotion; we must not, however, confuse, with James and Lange, the bodily changes which give rise&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;---end example---&lt;/b&gt;" />
</posthistory>

I am using the iterparse module to parse through this XML.

''' 
Function provides fast iteration of XML files via iterparse
Source - Listing 5 at Source - http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/xml/library/x-hiperfparse/
'''
def fast_iter(context, func):
    try: 
        for event, elem in context:
            func(elem)

            elem.clear()
            while elem.getprevious() is not None:
                del elem.getparent()[0]
        del context
    except etree.XMLSyntaxError, e:
        print e

I receive the following an XMLSyntaxError with the following trace

Input is not proper UTF-8, indicate encoding !
Bytes: 0x97 0x20 0x45 0x58, line 3, column 1694

Some important points -

[1] It is mandatory to use the iterparse module because the XML is large 3GB (or more) in size.

[2] I have provided only that part of the XML file which throws the syntax error.

My questions are as follows :

[1] Can I fix this issue automatically? If so, how?

[2] Can I fix this issue manually? If so, how?

[3] Can I ignore this issue and carry on parsing my large XML file? If so, how?

I have seen the following resources :

How should I deal with an XMLSyntaxError in Python's lxml while parsing a large XML file?

Ignore encoding errors in Python (iterparse)?

Is there a way to recover iterparse on invalid Char values?

but none could answer my questions.

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Dexter
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1 Answers1

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Your problem is that you are telling the parser that the XML is UTF-8 encoded when in actuality is Windows CP-1252. The string

0x97 0x20 0x45 0x58

is (when interpreted as CP-1252)

emdash space E X

and if you look at the text in the offending line at the given offset you'll indeed see the emdash. The problem is that 0x97 is not a valid character in UTF-8 encoding.

In Unicode, the emdash character is &#x2014;, which when UTF-8 encoded is represented as three bytes: 0xE2 0x80 0x94.

The solution is to ensure that the data is correctly encoded in UTF-8, or change the header to indicate the correct encoding.

Jim Garrison
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  • In ISO-8859-1, the `0x97` byte represents the "END OF GUARDED AREA" control character, not "EM DASH". In CP1252 however, `0x97` is indeed "EM DASH". – mzjn Mar 18 '13 at 09:36
  • You are right. In fact, according to [this page](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1) ISO-8859-1 does not define characters for the range `0x7F-0x9F`. – Jim Garrison Mar 18 '13 at 22:15